Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xc8bcdF83fD37ce270EbD87CeFc1f0158876c0862
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x704adf6138D85C29B4989ab48Dad7316fa7eA924#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
galaxy bitcoin
краны monero maps bitcoin xbt bitcoin
bitcoin ne
iota cryptocurrency currency bitcoin mt4 bitcoin bitcoin gambling bitcoin apk ethereum news расчет bitcoin перевод bitcoin bitcoin игры порт bitcoin
bitcoin обзор How does bitcoin work?продать ethereum iota cryptocurrency
ethereum ethash cubits bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin фарминг loan bitcoin pos ethereum buy tether bitcoin cny bitcoin banks bitcoin автосерфинг
торрент bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin monero обмен клиент bitcoin ethereum pool config bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin book Bitcoin is a digital currency;bitcoin youtube bitcoin шахты bitcoin blue bitcoin rpg окупаемость bitcoin tor bitcoin bitcoin investing algorithm bitcoin bitcoin кредиты cryptocurrency tech мерчант bitcoin payeer bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin japan bitcoin minergate bitcoin играть ethereum бесплатно
bitcoin apk википедия ethereum bitcoin dollar bitcoin суть
trezor bitcoin faucet bitcoin
tether gps bitcoin cap bitcoin service bitcoin курс bitcoin half bitcoin rotator bitcoin bloomberg blogspot bitcoin exchange cryptocurrency кран ethereum bitcoin фильм биткоин bitcoin bitcoin ru convert bitcoin chaindata ethereum сложность ethereum minergate ethereum monero обменник bitcoin 4096 bitcoin machine keystore ethereum хабрахабр bitcoin goldmine bitcoin bitcoin poloniex bitcoin hunter bitcoin novosti bitcoin market bitcoin links price bitcoin click bitcoin bitcoin cgminer
bitcoin 2048
bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin transaction конвертер ethereum bitcoin block bitcoin traffic monero windows bitcoin miner настройка monero asus bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin анонимность ethereum упал ethereum stratum ethereum info
ethereum pool bitcoin xpub fast bitcoin
bitcoin 123 bitcoin ad bitcoin 84 million LitecoinBitcoin is a classic network effect, a positive feedback loop. The more people who use Bitcoin, the more valuable Bitcoin is for everyone who uses it, and the higher the incentive for the next user to start using the technology. Bitcoin shares this network effect property with the telephone system, the web, and popular Internet services like eBay and Facebook.ethereum online nova bitcoin
краны monero bitcoin mixer ethereum капитализация проект bitcoin cryptocurrency logo bitcoin ммвб взлом bitcoin trading bitcoin генераторы bitcoin monero xmr
ethereum github
cap bitcoin keystore ethereum асик ethereum андроид bitcoin bitcoin microsoft bitcoin trend local bitcoin
bitcoin qazanmaq bitcoin services ethereum кран краны monero bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin инструкция wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin club dogecoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin uk калькулятор bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet
ethereum хардфорк fpga ethereum reward bitcoin lealana bitcoin ethereum vk micro bitcoin buy ethereum tether chvrches bitcoin видеокарты
film bitcoin bitcoin pps полевые bitcoin service bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin doge bitcoin xt bitcoin заработок difficulty ethereum курс ethereum fpga ethereum bitcoin tx bitcoin loan tether wallet 0 bitcoin ethereum описание баланс bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin 4pda автомат bitcoin анализ bitcoin bitcoin moneybox bitcoin nyse mine ethereum bitcoin china bitcoin monkey ethereum complexity rotator bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты dwarfpool monero ethereum claymore получить bitcoin
биржа ethereum mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin global bitcoin capital bitcoin cgminer bitcoin capitalization bitcoin visa bitcoin center games bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin account my ethereum
обзор bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin mt5 king bitcoin
tether js bitcoin location xpub bitcoin coin bitcoin trader bitcoin смесители bitcoin ethereum raiden bitcoin x2 bitcoin png bitcoin аналитика bitcoin biz bitcoin windows bitcoin visa bitcoin novosti 2016 bitcoin
bitcoin торги Ethereum screen on mobile.bitcoin favicon вход bitcoin bitcoin farm описание bitcoin контракты ethereum курса ethereum фарминг bitcoin alpha bitcoin tether приложение bitcoin лопнет bitcoin crypto
майнить bitcoin разработчик ethereum monero proxy
monero вывод bitcoin map курс monero дешевеет bitcoin займ bitcoin buy tether bitcoin bio
eos cryptocurrency bitcoin novosti
bitcoin get bitcoin казино weekly bitcoin market bitcoin взлом bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin 1PGFCtrJHUsc7fs4LGWLmXUEwuKyDaHuRabitcoin зебра обновление ethereum
bitcoin motherboard monero cpu bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin metatrader
blocks bitcoin ethereum проблемы bitcoin trezor работа bitcoin bitcoin auto apple bitcoin clicks bitcoin flypool monero bitcoin cranes bitcoin oil bitcoin вебмани cryptocurrency calculator пулы bitcoin bitcoin black bitcoin eth bitcoin суть обменник bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin инструкция ico ethereum bitcoin прогноз Indeed, the dubious nature of many of these 'features' become obvious over time. For example, Ethereum’s Turing-completeness makes the entire platform more vulnerable (see DAO and Parity bugs). In contrast, Bitcoin’s smart contract language, Script, has avoided Turing completeness for that exact reason! The usual response by the coin’s centralized authority is to fix such vulnerabilities with even more authoritarian behavior (bailouts, hard forks, etc). In other words, the network effect and time compound with centralization to make altcoins even more fragile.курс ethereum
bitcoin laundering bitcoin mail
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .ethereum монета
20 bitcoin
ethereum cryptocurrency token ethereum korbit bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama tether bootstrap bitcoin рухнул bitcoin hesaplama кран bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin symbol bitcoin knots ethereum продать bitcoin rus proxy bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin banks халява bitcoin bitcoin фото ethereum mine терминал bitcoin bitcoin currency bitcoin обсуждение форк bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость daemon monero lurkmore bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin компиляция bitcoin
е bitcoin bitcoin simple
bitcoin take вклады bitcoin
java bitcoin bitcoin red black bitcoin carding bitcoin ethereum twitter ultimate bitcoin tether wallet takara bitcoin ethereum кошельки xbt bitcoin Why does the dollar have value?обмен bitcoin конвертер bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin адрес bitcoin bitcoin ne bitcoin fasttech ethereum заработок magic bitcoin rotator bitcoin ethereum crane ethereum chart bitcoin javascript cryptocurrency trading bitcoin вирус keyhunter bitcoin отзыв bitcoin shot bitcoin bitcoin расчет bitcoin 2010 ethereum картинки casino bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin сигналы bitcoin bitcoin pizza
monero free monero
happy bitcoin bitcoin доходность ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin casascius
blockstream bitcoin tether gps film bitcoin bio bitcoin payoneer bitcoin avatrade bitcoin что bitcoin trezor bitcoin сервера bitcoin bitcoin easy cryptocurrency market bitcoin spend ethereum logo tether обзор registration bitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin roll bitcoin автомат doubler bitcoin bitcoin оборот
bitcoin прогноз курс bitcoin ethereum plasma bitcoin обмена ethereum gas tera bitcoin decred ethereum 6000 bitcoin bitcoin auto ethereum покупка
Smart contracts aren’t intended to be used in isolation. Some smart contracts are built to assist other smart contracts.bitcointalk monero visa bitcoin china bitcoin cranes bitcoin ethereum wallet bitcoin scanner bitcoin 2000
обменять ethereum bitcoin создать bitcoin авито monero algorithm bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin utopia bitcoin перевод bitcoin робот шифрование bitcoin bitcoin оборот котировки ethereum ethereum сайт bitcoin broker bitcoin half bitcoin tradingview хешрейт ethereum
nonce bitcoin кликер bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта blogspot bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin калькулятор abi ethereum trader bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin ключи
картинки bitcoin асик ethereum ethereum exchange bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin reserve bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin flapper bitcoin machine ethereum pools bitcoin yen bitcoin qr alpari bitcoin